Trial of Galileo, 1633
Activity Objective: Students will have an opportunity to research the trial of Galileo and present their own mock trial of his case to better understand historical events from multiple perspectives.
Directions:
1) Students will be divided into different groups and given a role to play in that group. The judge will be an external judge.
2) In your group and as your character, you should be making notes as we read various sources about Galileo, and visit the provided websites to read about Galileo and his trial. The websites are found below and you will be investigating the documents along the way.
3) You should compile your research and prepare for the trial. This should include writing opening statements and developing a list of questions for friendly witnesses (direct examination) and questions for the hostile witnesses (cross examinations). Witnesses should prepare their evidence will help them answer questions from the examinations.
4) The trial begins with opening statements from both sides (2-3 min) (stating of your thesis as to why Galileo is or is not guilty of heresy and going against the church). The trial then proceeds with examination and cross examination of the prosecution witness (people to help prove his guilt) and then the defense witnesses (people to help prove his innocence). Then both sides present their closing statements (2-3). The judge will deliberate and there will be the announcement of a verdict.
5) All the materials for the trial, opening statements, questions, research information, and closing statements must be compiled in an orderly fashion. This information will be made available to the teacher, to the defense team and the prosecution team at least two days prior to the trial date. The information present in the trial will be made available to the judge at the conclusion of the trial prior to judgment.
6) The trial will last for two days:
a. First day will be reading of the charges, opening statements by both prosecution and defense and the beginning of the prosecution. Examination and Cross Examination will take 3-5 minutes per witness.
b. Day two will be the conclusion of the prosecution (if needed), the defense phase, and closing arguments (2-3 min). The judge will then have a night to deliberate and give a verdict on the following day.
Scenario
In 1633 Galileo is charged with heresy by the Holy Inquisition in Rome. Specifically, he is accused of teaching the Heliocentric System, or that the planets revolve about the sun.
1. The proposition that the sun is in the center of the world and immovable from its place is absurd, philosophically false, and formally heretical; because it is expressly contrary to Holy Scriptures.
2. The proposition that the earth is not the center of the world, nor immovable, but that it moves, and also with a diurnal motion, is also absurd, philosophically false, and , theologically considered, at least erroneous in faith.”
He was forbidden to teach this idea as the truth, yet he published a book, the Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, which does, in fact, teach this heretical idea as the truth. Therefore, Galileo has to travel to Rome to face trial for challenging the hold doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church.
Responsibilities:
Prosecution: You will need to find out information on each of the witnesses. You will need to formulate questions for each witness. You will need to be able to ask follow-up questions. You must prepare an opening statement describing why Galileo is guilty of the crimes for which he is accused. You must prepare a closing statement. Divide tasks up between members of the team. There should be a lead and closing prosecutor who gives the opening and closing statements respectively. Each prosecutor should be responsible for 1-2 of the witnesses (2 in the case of having more than 4 witnesses).
Defense: You will need to find out information on each of the witnesses. You will need to formulate questions for each witness. You will need to ask follow up questions. You must prepare an opening statement describing why Galileo is innocent of the crimes for which he is accused. You must prepare a closing statement. Divide tasks between members of the team. . There should be a lead and closing defense who gives the opening and closing statements respectively. Each defense should be responsible for 1-2 of the witnesses (2 in the case of having more than 4 witnesses).
Characters/Witnesses: You will need to research background information (such as letters) on your individual. Areas to cover will be where you are from, family background, occupation, relationship with Galileo, political viewpoint and any other pertinent information. You will need to be able to answer any questions that relate to these areas (YOU NEED TO KNOW YOURSELF BETTER THAN THE PROSECTUTION OR DEFENCE KNOWS YOU).
Characters/Witnesses:
Defense witnesses:
1) Galileo Galilei
2) Maria Celeste, Galileo’s Daughter
3) Benedetto Castelli, friend
4) Giovanni Ciampoli, friend
5) Duchess Christina *
6) Ghost of Copernicus *
7) Johann Kepler *
Prosecution witnesses:
1) Father Tommaso Caccini
2) Cardinal Roberto Bellarmino (Robert Bellarmine)
3) Maffeo Berberini, Pope Urban VIII
4) Cardinal Francesco Barberini
5) Cardinal Paolo Emilio Sfondrati *
6) Ghost of Ptolemy *
7) Paolo Antonio Foscarini *
Websites of use:
www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/FTrials/galileo/galileo.html
www.hsci.ou.edu/exhibits/exhibit.php?exbgrp=1&exbid=16&exbpg=1
www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei
www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_affair#The_Trial
www.galileo.rice.edu/
www.catholicleague.org/research/galieo.html
www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook09.html
Grading:
Your grade will be reflective of your own individual work.
You must submit the following pieces:
· Your notes/evidence/ and prepared questions (should you be prosecution or defense) /10
· A bibliography in MLA format
· Your notes for rebuttal against the defense.
Your performance during the trial will also be assessed based on the attached rubric /25
Time Line
Class one: Introduction of the assignment and distribution of the roles. Introductory video and opening activity of biographies of scientists involved in the planetary/solar system.
Class two: Dissection of Primary documents: Three documents to investigate – Ptolemy, Copernicus, and Galileo. Homework – review notes from today’s readings. Begin compiling information that is going to be pertinent to your role. Witnesses, begin to read about your character’s biography.
Class three: Power point on Galileo’s life – note taking activity. Meet in your teams to discuss roles and strategies.
Class four: Trial Document and Discovery of Jupiter’s Moons – Primary document analysis. Homework – continue to add notes to your role.
Class five: Read the following documents Galileo Galilei, “ Galileo Galilei, “Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina of Tuscany, 1615.” ” Documents from Galileo’s Trial, especially the “Indictment” and “Abjuration.”
Together, teacher and students discuss the "Indictment" and fill out the Document Analysis Worksheet: Galileo Indictment.
Students read the other documents on their own and fill out a Document Analysis Worksheet: Religion and Science for the Indictment and Abjuration.
Depending on your role, you will want to investigate other documents available here:
Painting: Cristiano Banti, “Galileo facing the Roman Inquisition" (1857)
Galileo’s Depositions (statements):
Deposition One Deposition Two Deposition Three Deposition Four
Galileo’s Defense
Galileo’s Sentence, page 2 from Documents in the Case of Galileo
Class six: Class discussion in your groups (prosecution/defence/ P. Witnesses x2 / D. Witnesses x 2) :
Each group will take one document to read and analyze and share with the class:
Homework – be ready to share findings and continue to add information to your role’s notes.
Class eight: Groups report on their document and what they discovered in it.
Discuss the following questions – one member from each role in new groups for discussion:
Why did Galileo face the Inquisition and why was he forced to recant but Copernicus, Kepler, and Bacon were not?
What other arguments could have helped Galileo?
What ideas about the relationship between religion and science are revealed by these different scientists?
Consider again the idea of change: What are the old and new values that are coming into conflict, based on these sources? (think about issues such authority, sources of knowledge,and the individual in society, for example).
Class nine and ten: Trial preparation days – students will be with their groups and compiling notes based upon their roles. Make sure you are compiling a list of sources that you are using and referencing throughout the process. On class 10, the prosecution and the defense must hand over their notes to the opposition.
Class eleven: Preparation of witness. You will want to help your witnesses be prepared for what the opposition will ask them. You will also want to tailor your closing statement to what they have prepared to rebut their evidence.
Class twelve and thirteen: Trial days. Ensure that you are prepared for your role.
This is an on-going project. You do not want to fall behind. You will want to practice what you are going to say. You will want to practice answering questions and prepare for the opposition.
Class fourteen: Written reflection piece. You will be given prompts to answer a series of short-answer questions that will help you reflect on the project.
Activity Objective: Students will have an opportunity to research the trial of Galileo and present their own mock trial of his case to better understand historical events from multiple perspectives.
Directions:
1) Students will be divided into different groups and given a role to play in that group. The judge will be an external judge.
2) In your group and as your character, you should be making notes as we read various sources about Galileo, and visit the provided websites to read about Galileo and his trial. The websites are found below and you will be investigating the documents along the way.
3) You should compile your research and prepare for the trial. This should include writing opening statements and developing a list of questions for friendly witnesses (direct examination) and questions for the hostile witnesses (cross examinations). Witnesses should prepare their evidence will help them answer questions from the examinations.
4) The trial begins with opening statements from both sides (2-3 min) (stating of your thesis as to why Galileo is or is not guilty of heresy and going against the church). The trial then proceeds with examination and cross examination of the prosecution witness (people to help prove his guilt) and then the defense witnesses (people to help prove his innocence). Then both sides present their closing statements (2-3). The judge will deliberate and there will be the announcement of a verdict.
5) All the materials for the trial, opening statements, questions, research information, and closing statements must be compiled in an orderly fashion. This information will be made available to the teacher, to the defense team and the prosecution team at least two days prior to the trial date. The information present in the trial will be made available to the judge at the conclusion of the trial prior to judgment.
6) The trial will last for two days:
a. First day will be reading of the charges, opening statements by both prosecution and defense and the beginning of the prosecution. Examination and Cross Examination will take 3-5 minutes per witness.
b. Day two will be the conclusion of the prosecution (if needed), the defense phase, and closing arguments (2-3 min). The judge will then have a night to deliberate and give a verdict on the following day.
Scenario
In 1633 Galileo is charged with heresy by the Holy Inquisition in Rome. Specifically, he is accused of teaching the Heliocentric System, or that the planets revolve about the sun.
1. The proposition that the sun is in the center of the world and immovable from its place is absurd, philosophically false, and formally heretical; because it is expressly contrary to Holy Scriptures.
2. The proposition that the earth is not the center of the world, nor immovable, but that it moves, and also with a diurnal motion, is also absurd, philosophically false, and , theologically considered, at least erroneous in faith.”
He was forbidden to teach this idea as the truth, yet he published a book, the Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, which does, in fact, teach this heretical idea as the truth. Therefore, Galileo has to travel to Rome to face trial for challenging the hold doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church.
Responsibilities:
Prosecution: You will need to find out information on each of the witnesses. You will need to formulate questions for each witness. You will need to be able to ask follow-up questions. You must prepare an opening statement describing why Galileo is guilty of the crimes for which he is accused. You must prepare a closing statement. Divide tasks up between members of the team. There should be a lead and closing prosecutor who gives the opening and closing statements respectively. Each prosecutor should be responsible for 1-2 of the witnesses (2 in the case of having more than 4 witnesses).
Defense: You will need to find out information on each of the witnesses. You will need to formulate questions for each witness. You will need to ask follow up questions. You must prepare an opening statement describing why Galileo is innocent of the crimes for which he is accused. You must prepare a closing statement. Divide tasks between members of the team. . There should be a lead and closing defense who gives the opening and closing statements respectively. Each defense should be responsible for 1-2 of the witnesses (2 in the case of having more than 4 witnesses).
Characters/Witnesses: You will need to research background information (such as letters) on your individual. Areas to cover will be where you are from, family background, occupation, relationship with Galileo, political viewpoint and any other pertinent information. You will need to be able to answer any questions that relate to these areas (YOU NEED TO KNOW YOURSELF BETTER THAN THE PROSECTUTION OR DEFENCE KNOWS YOU).
Characters/Witnesses:
Defense witnesses:
1) Galileo Galilei
2) Maria Celeste, Galileo’s Daughter
3) Benedetto Castelli, friend
4) Giovanni Ciampoli, friend
5) Duchess Christina *
6) Ghost of Copernicus *
7) Johann Kepler *
Prosecution witnesses:
1) Father Tommaso Caccini
2) Cardinal Roberto Bellarmino (Robert Bellarmine)
3) Maffeo Berberini, Pope Urban VIII
4) Cardinal Francesco Barberini
5) Cardinal Paolo Emilio Sfondrati *
6) Ghost of Ptolemy *
7) Paolo Antonio Foscarini *
Websites of use:
www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/FTrials/galileo/galileo.html
www.hsci.ou.edu/exhibits/exhibit.php?exbgrp=1&exbid=16&exbpg=1
www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei
www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_affair#The_Trial
www.galileo.rice.edu/
www.catholicleague.org/research/galieo.html
www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook09.html
Grading:
Your grade will be reflective of your own individual work.
You must submit the following pieces:
· Your notes/evidence/ and prepared questions (should you be prosecution or defense) /10
· A bibliography in MLA format
· Your notes for rebuttal against the defense.
Your performance during the trial will also be assessed based on the attached rubric /25
Time Line
Class one: Introduction of the assignment and distribution of the roles. Introductory video and opening activity of biographies of scientists involved in the planetary/solar system.
Class two: Dissection of Primary documents: Three documents to investigate – Ptolemy, Copernicus, and Galileo. Homework – review notes from today’s readings. Begin compiling information that is going to be pertinent to your role. Witnesses, begin to read about your character’s biography.
Class three: Power point on Galileo’s life – note taking activity. Meet in your teams to discuss roles and strategies.
Class four: Trial Document and Discovery of Jupiter’s Moons – Primary document analysis. Homework – continue to add notes to your role.
Class five: Read the following documents Galileo Galilei, “ Galileo Galilei, “Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina of Tuscany, 1615.” ” Documents from Galileo’s Trial, especially the “Indictment” and “Abjuration.”
Together, teacher and students discuss the "Indictment" and fill out the Document Analysis Worksheet: Galileo Indictment.
Students read the other documents on their own and fill out a Document Analysis Worksheet: Religion and Science for the Indictment and Abjuration.
Depending on your role, you will want to investigate other documents available here:
Painting: Cristiano Banti, “Galileo facing the Roman Inquisition" (1857)
Galileo’s Depositions (statements):
Deposition One Deposition Two Deposition Three Deposition Four
Galileo’s Defense
Galileo’s Sentence, page 2 from Documents in the Case of Galileo
Class six: Class discussion in your groups (prosecution/defence/ P. Witnesses x2 / D. Witnesses x 2) :
- Why was the church upset with Galileo?
- Was Galileo right and the church wrong?
- The name “Scientific Revolution” implies this era was one of change. What are the old and new values that are coming into conflict, based on these sources? (think about issues such authority, sources of knowledge, and the individual in society, for example).
- Is a conflict such as this possible today? Why and how?
- Will this information help us in the future and help us understand the modern world? How?
Each group will take one document to read and analyze and share with the class:
- Osiander’s Foreword to Copernicus’ On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres
- Letter of Nicholas Schönberg in introduction to Copernicus
- Johannes Kepler, from Astronomia Nova. Heidelberg, 1609
- Francis Bacon, Epistle Dedicatory to James I
Homework – be ready to share findings and continue to add information to your role’s notes.
Class eight: Groups report on their document and what they discovered in it.
Discuss the following questions – one member from each role in new groups for discussion:
Why did Galileo face the Inquisition and why was he forced to recant but Copernicus, Kepler, and Bacon were not?
What other arguments could have helped Galileo?
What ideas about the relationship between religion and science are revealed by these different scientists?
Consider again the idea of change: What are the old and new values that are coming into conflict, based on these sources? (think about issues such authority, sources of knowledge,and the individual in society, for example).
Class nine and ten: Trial preparation days – students will be with their groups and compiling notes based upon their roles. Make sure you are compiling a list of sources that you are using and referencing throughout the process. On class 10, the prosecution and the defense must hand over their notes to the opposition.
Class eleven: Preparation of witness. You will want to help your witnesses be prepared for what the opposition will ask them. You will also want to tailor your closing statement to what they have prepared to rebut their evidence.
Class twelve and thirteen: Trial days. Ensure that you are prepared for your role.
This is an on-going project. You do not want to fall behind. You will want to practice what you are going to say. You will want to practice answering questions and prepare for the opposition.
Class fourteen: Written reflection piece. You will be given prompts to answer a series of short-answer questions that will help you reflect on the project.
mock-trial-rubrics_witness_and_lawyers.pdf | |
File Size: | 74 kb |
File Type: |